🎄🎅🏼 So who is Santa Claus? 🎁🧦
We might not recognise it, but our modern Christmas celebration owes much* (во многом обязано) to Saint Nicholas. Not to mention that his feast day on 6 December (or 19 December in the Julian calendar) is celebrated in many parts of Europe, especially with gifts for children.
Middle English derived* (получил) the name Nicholas from Old French, which comes from the Latin Nicolaus, which in turn comes from the Hellenistic Greek Nikolaos (Νικόλαος), from nikē, ‘victory’ + laos, ‘the people’.
The cult of St Nicholas became hugely popular across Europe, especially after the transferral of his remains* (останков) to Bari in Southern Italy in the eleventh century. In the Netherlands, his name of Sant Nikolaas was popularised and transformed in dialect into Sinterklaas, Sante Klaas, hence Santa Claus, and his fame survived even the Reformation. On his feast day of 6 December, all sailors and ex-sailors – who made up a large proportion of the population – would go to church, and on the way back stop at the Nicholas fairs to buy presents for their family, particularly their children, who would thus receive presents on St Nicholas’ Day.
Even today, in Belgium, and especially Flanders, Sinterklass, dressed in scarlet* (ярко-красные) bishop’s robes, sporting* (с гордостью носящий) a luxuriant white beard and crowned with a mitre, gives presents to good children. And in the Netherlands, apparently, about a third of the population give presents only on St Nicholas’ Day. Similar traditions exist, inter alia* (помимо этого), in the Italian-speaking cantons of Switzerland, in Northern Italy and Slovenia, and elsewhere.
But how did St Nick become the Santa we know?
New York was founded by the Dutch as New Amsterdam, and in its early history families of Dutch heritage wielded* (удерживали) cultural influence. For instance, on 26 December 1773 the New York Gazette reported that Dutch families had gathered to celebrate ‘the Anniversary of St. Nicholas, otherwise called St. A Claus.’ Then, in 1809, Washington Irving helped to popularise St Nick by naming him patron saint of New York.
The Santa tradition was starting to snowball (pun intended* как ни смешно это прозвучит) and then the 1823 poem ‘A Visit from St Nicholas’ (more commonly ‘’Twas the night before Christmas’) by Clement Clark Moore, published in a local magazine two days before Christmas, helped establish the iconography or mise-en-scène of Christmas. This included stockings 🧦 hung expectantly* (в предвкушении) on either side of the hearth 🔥, a miniature sleigh 🛷 drawn by eight reindeer 🦌🦌, the sleigh full of toys and the descent ⬇️ down the chimney.
A bundle of toys he had flung on his back,
And he looked like a peddler just opening his pack.
And what of St Nicholas?
Though the events of his life are only recorded in later sources, he probably lived from 270 to 343 AD in what is now Turkey and became bishop of Myra, modern-day Demre. According to tradition, St Nicholas came from a wealthy family but donated all his possessions to the poor.
Three particularly colourful legends – among many others – attach to him. First, three sisters whose father had fallen into poverty thus lacked money for their dowry* (приданое) and their unmarried future looked bleak (this was the fourth century, remember). St Nicholas surreptitiously* (тайком) dropped a bag of gold coins 💰 through their bedroom window on three successive* (подряд) nights, thus enabling them to marry. Second, journeying back from the Holy Land by sea he was caught in a storm. He rebuked* (отчитал) the waves, causing the storm to subside* (утихнуть). Third, a miracle widely illustrated in the Middle Ages recounts how, by simply doing the sign of the cross, he resuscitated* (вернул к жизни) three young boys who had been slaughtered.
St Nicholas' clandestine* (тайная) charity to the three girls is the ancestor of our contemporary gift-giving at Christmas.
The source:
https://blog.collinsdictionary.com/language-lovers/st-nicholas-and-santa-claus/